Adlerian Psychology a Dolls House

Alfred Adler is a psychologist who developed a theory that can explain the characters’ actions in A Doll’s House. After many years of study, Adler realized the importance of motivation and how it affected people’s actions. This was later developed into a theory, known as the Adlerian Theory, which states that there must be a motivational force behind all behaviors (Fisher). Evidence of the Adlerian Theory is found in A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen through the actions of Krogstad, Torvald, and Nora. Family and friends are usually the most significant motivation to one’s actions because the concern for his or her family and friends will cause them to do whatever necessary to please them. The influence of family and friends may also affect one’s view of life and this would affect one to act differently in order to carry out his or her new attitude towards life (Boeree). An individual is part of a larger whole, the society, which means that one must to live up to society’s expectations to gain respect and acceptance (The Theory and Application of Adlerian Psychology). This demonstrates how a social setting can influence one’s behaviors. One’s primary goal in life is to gain acceptance and feel significant. The inferiority complex is when one feels a 2 lack of worth (Fisher). To overcome the inferiority complex, one must strive to reach a goal, known as the superiority complex (Fisher). In the process of the superiority complex, one will strive for perfection (Fisher). The determination to be a perfect individual forces one to act certain ways. Due to Krogstad’s desire to perfect his social status, he realizes the first step is to persuade Torvald into giving him his position back at the bank. In order to do so, he must blackmail Nora into convincing Torvald that he is more capable of the job than anyone else. Without a job, he is seen as lazy and worthless by his society, therefore, fighting for a position he believes he deserves would make others perceive him as someone who will fight for what he believes in. This delivers an image of a respectable man to society and this is what he wants. The feeling of worth and significance can cause confidence and security (The Theory and Application of Adlerian Psychology). Also, he wishes to grab every possible opportunity for his children, and without a job, the availability of these opportunities are limited. The pressure from Krogstad’s society to be respected and the love he has for his children caused him to do whatever he can to win back his job. Torvald however, is a very successful man when it comes to his job, but having his whole life revolve around it causes him to drift away from his family. He has become so attached to his new position at the bank and is so caught up with pleasing those around him that he reserves no time to spend 3 with his family. Torvald’s priority is to impress the society with his abilities and he puts his family second. Torvald’s motivation to keep him putting his everything in the bank is the respect he gets from the community. Even though the family is financially stable, he will not let Nora take money without his consent. Torvald treats Nora like a child and does not think of her as an equal to himself (Hardwick). He does this because he wants control over Nora and he craves the feeling of superiority. Because of the power and control Torvald wants over Nora, he refused Nora to borrow money when he was ill. However, Nora borrowed a large sum from Krogstad under her father’s name without Torvald’s knowledge. Nora did not consider the consequences when she forged her father’s signature because she was more concerned with Torvald’s health. Nora borrowed the money regardless of Torvald’s disapproval because she loved Torvald and could not risk him dying (Hardwick). Nora being treated the way she did by Torvald caused her to feel worthless. Torvald calls Nora by pet names which shows Torvald’s impression of her as a child. Nora and Torvald has never had an important conversation in all those years they have been married, meaning Torvald did not think Nora was intelligent or mature enough to understand important matters (Downs). This motivated her to leave Torvald and find her true self. Leaving Torvald was Nora’s way of overcoming the inferiority complex and the process of her finding herself is 4 her step into the superiority complex. In conclusion, one’s actions are caused by his or her societal surroundings or his or her personal desires. In A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, Krogstad blackmailing Nora in order to get his position back in the bank is caused by his need to be accepted in society. Torvald’s control of all money coming in the household is caused by his desire to be superior to Nora. Nora’s decision to leave Torvald is caused by her need to find herself. The Adlerian Theory applies to these characters because they all have a motivational force behind their actions.

Improving of Leadership Skills by Learning English for International Case Study

Improving of Leadership Skills by Learning English for International Students to be Ready for Graduate Programs - Case Study Example Different Supports Needed to Improve the English Language Skill In order to enhance the English language of the students for the purpose of preparing them for their graduate program at the University of Regina, certain support is very much essential from the viewpoint of the students. The most important forms of support that the graduate students need are academic acculturation and that of English support. In terms of English support, the students have already acquired a brief knowledge regarding the subject topic of English but still the students need certain consequential refining in their skills based upon English i.e. either grammatically, in terms of vocabulary or through any other ways (Crown, 2003). In this connection, it has been observed that most of the students face certain difficulties in particular aspects that include integration of quotes in essays, formatting and effective lead-in to the quotes. These are certain specific areas in which the students must improve which would help them a lot for their graduate programs in the long-term (Crown, 2003). Moreover, the students need to develop themselves in the area of their critical thinking that would help them to improve their English language. The aspect of critical thinking is regarded as the capability to imagine clearly and rationally. It includes the capability to greatly focus upon independent as well as reflective thinking. There lie various useful functions of critical thinking that might help the students towards enhancing the medium of language i.e. English for their graduate program (Lau & Chan, 2012). The various useful functions of the aspect of critical thinking include understanding the coherent interrelation between the conceptions of the subject topic, recognizing, generating as... This report approves that the teachers as facilitators assisted as well as supported the students and the learners by delivering several skills and capabilities which ultimately helped the English learners or the students to enhance their several aptitude skills such as writing and listening. Moreover, the facilitators also assisted the students or the learners to acquire a brief idea regarding various cultural aspects along with learning several diversification related facets that prevailed in the classroom. In addition, the facilitators assisted the students to learn vocabulary, resolve grammatical errors along with capably write various assignments, projects and proposals that ultimately helped the students or learners to complete their graduation program successfully. The aspect of learning English is very much essential in order to raise as well as to enhance various skills and capabilities such as English writing, reading and listening. In order to improve the above discussed s kills, the students or the learners have to learn English by a considerable level. This essay makes a conclusion that from the overall analysis it can be said that by learning English, the international students can enhance their leadership skills by a significant level. Various barriers as well certain wide gaps were faced by the students or the English learners while learning English but the teachers as facilitators played a major role in order to overcome those barriers and gaps. Along with the major part played by the teachers, the introduction of ESL program or course also can help the students or the English learners to acquire a broad view regarding English which ultimately would help them to progress their writing, reading and listening skills and capabilities.

Pentecostalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pentecostalism - Essay Example Truly, many evangelical and fundamentalist Christians can be very disapproving of Pentecostal doctrine. Regrettably, numerous atheists equate "Christian Privilege" with "fundamentalism" and it is an outcome of customary Methodism. The dualistic principles which most describe Pentecostal churches and distinguish them from other Protestant factions are the conviction in the Baptism of the Holy Spirit in addition the follow-onto charismata (The Gifts of the Spirit are like talking in tongues). The conviction in charismata and Gifts of the Holy Spirit is centred on the book of Acts chapter 2 when the Holy Spirit visited the apostles (Maxwell 1998, 319). In the Pentecostal movement, the Holiness groups stressed what they termed as the â€Å"second blessing" bequeathed on those who experienced a jubilant conversion encounter. Some manifestations of this sanctification were via Gifts of the Holy Spirit, such as prophesies and glossalia. Others viewed such deeds, as unorthodoxy and this is point where Pentecostals deviated from the Holiness and Methodist churches (although initially many desired to remain members of their prime churches) (Walsh 2003, 54). Nowadays, strange ways like faith curing, talking in tongues and euphoric experiences are a feature of Pentecostal services. Pentecostalism emphasize upon the significance of individual devout experiences instead of specific principles — certainly, there is less accord amongst Pentecostals with respects to many of Christian canons apart from those of charismata and Baptism of the Spirit. Pentecostal philosophies commenced in the Bethel Bible College established by Parham, Charles F. in Kansas in 1900, are frequently considered as an extension of the theology and teachings encouraged by Parham and other with like mind Protestants of the time. Conferring to Parham's own recounts, on 1st January 1901, the first of his scholars started to display the "Gifts of Spirit" by talking in tongues (Mills 2007, 23). In the subsequent days more and more scholars started to act the same, attracting escalated attention to the college and Parham's philosophies. As an upshot, Parham brought into being what developed to be known as the "Apostolic Faith Movement," a communion of diverse churches which encompassed thousands of followers (Wilkinson 2009, 39). Another primary foundation of Pentecostal principles is the Azusa Street resurgence (1906) steered by William J. Seymour. Seymour was an apprentice of Parham's from another college that Parham had launched in Texas. Large multitudes showed up at Seymour's Azusa Street ministry in Los Angeles, branded by astounding healings and high devout gusto. Newscast reports then pronounce astonishment at the "lamentation’s of the believers" and â€Å"shocking â€Å"frolics of the services at night. Fundamental aspects of services at Pentecostal could be dated even earlier; for instance, a prayer mass in 1831 in London ensued in congregation speaking in tong ues and prophesising (Paul and Susan 1996, 10). Even if Pentecostalism is viewed as a current way of Protestantism, certain in individuals think that Pentecostalism ought to be regarded as separate from customary Protestantism. Protestantism was created as distinction from Catholicism on the foundation that the Bible only ought to be the basis of devout authority, instead of customary customs or the chain of command of church establishments (Mills 2007, 22). Pentecostal churches step beyond this through reliance not merely on the Bible, but furthermore upon personal and direct divine revelations that cannot merely enhancement Bible instructions, but still replace them. It is no wonder that Pentecostals are repeatedly held at close by customary Protest